As cancerous lymphocytes spread into other tissues, the immune system cannot defend against infections as effectively. The course of treatment depends on the type of lymphoma a person has and the stage it has reached.
Read more about the most severe stage of lymphoma. Risk factors for non-Hodgkin lymphoma include :. Risk factors for Hodgkin lymphoma include :. There are no routine screenings for lymphoma. If a person has persistent viral symptoms, they should seek medical consultation.
They will also carry out a physical examination, including an inspection of the abdomen and chin, neck, groin, and armpits, where swellings may occur. The doctor will look for signs of infection near lymph nodes since this can account for most cases of swelling.
Blood tests and biopsies: These can detect the presence of lymphoma and help a doctor distinguish between different types.
A biopsy involves a surgeon taking a sample of lymph tissue. The doctor will then send it for examination in a laboratory. The surgeon may remove a small section or all of a lymph node.
In some cases, they might use a needle to take a tissue sample. It might be necessary to carry out a bone marrow biopsy. This may require a local anesthetic, a sedative, or a general anesthetic. Biopsies and other tests can confirm the stage of the cancer to see whether it has spread to other parts of the body.
A spinal tap: In this procedure, a surgeon uses a long, thin needle to remove and test spinal fluid under local anesthetic.
Staging of the cancer depends on the type, growth rate, and cellular characteristics. In stage 0 or 1, the cancer stays in a confined area. By stage 4, it has spread to more distant organs, and doctors find it more challenging to treat. A doctor may also describe lymphoma as indolent, meaning that it remains in one place.
Some lymphomas are aggressive, which means they spread to other parts of the body. With Hodgkin lymphoma, The chances of a good outcome decrease as lymphoma progresses.
It is essential to seek medical attention for any symptoms of cold or infection that continue for an extended period. Leukemia and lymphoma are both types of blood cancer that affect white blood cells.
Hodgkin lymphoma , however, is most common in people aged between 15 and Most people who have a close family member with lymphoma or another blood cancer do not develop lymphoma themselves. However, your risk of developing lymphoma is slightly higher if you have a close relative parent, brother or sister, or child who has had lymphoma or another type of blood cancer.
This might be due to lots of small inherited genetic changes that all increase your risk of lymphoma slightly. Lymphoma is not infectious. You cannot catch lymphoma and you cannot pass it on to someone else. However, there are some infections that can increase your chance of developing lymphoma. There are a few reasons for this:. Many of the infections linked to lymphoma are very common. Most people who have these infections do not get lymphoma. If you have a lowered immune system, you are less able to fight infections.
This includes infections that increase your chance of developing lymphoma. There are two particular conditions that lower your immune system and have a higher risk of lymphoma. These are:. Autoimmune conditions are illnesses that develop when your immune system mistakenly attacks your own body. Most people with autoimmune conditions do not develop lymphoma. However, some autoimmune conditions are linked to a higher chance of developing certain types of lymphoma.
This might be because autoimmune conditions can cause long-term activation of the immune system. Another possible reason is that people with autoimmune conditions are likely to be on medicines that dampen their immune system. Both of these factors can contribute to the development of lymphoma. Eczema is an inflammatory skin condition that is linked to non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Scientists are studying eczema to work out whether or not it is an autoimmune condition.
Many studies have looked at other possible causes of lymphoma. Sometimes one or two studies suggest a possible link, but others find something different.
Because most types of lymphoma are rare, it can be difficult to work out whether or not a factor increases your chance of developing it or not. Some chemotherapy drugs used to treat other types of cancer, including other blood cancers, might increase your chance of developing lymphoma in the future. Exposure to radiation, including radiotherapy for other cancers, can also increase your risk of developing lymphoma. Having a body mass index of over 30 obesity increases your risk of developing many types of cancer, including Hodgkin lymphoma , non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia CLL.
Keeping a healthy lifestyle by maintaining a healthy weight, exercising regularly and eating a healthy diet can reduce your risk of many health problems. Cancer Research UK has more information on reducing your risk of developing cancers by following a healthy lifestyle. Being around high levels of industrial chemicals, solvents, weedkillers and insecticides are possible risk factors for developing lymphoma. Hair dyes might also be a risk factor, although modern hair dyes seem to be safer than those used in the past pres.
Most people who work in these occupations do not develop lymphoma. If you would like further information or would like to talk about any aspect of your lymphoma, please contact us. Cancer Research UK has information on causes of cancer, including how lifestyle changes can reduce your risk of some cancers. What causes lymphoma? Most people who develop lymphoma have none of these risk factors and the cause is unknown. Back to top Causes and risk factors In medical terms, a cause is something that leads to an illness.
For example, there is an association between eczema and T-cell skin lymphoma. In fact, eczema and skin lymphoma often look very similar. The association might simply be that T-cell skin lymphoma is sometimes misdiagnosed as eczema at first. Causes of lymphoma In most cases, there is no known cause for lymphoma. However, for a few types of lymphoma, scientists have identified a cause: Most cases of gastric MALT lymphoma are caused by a common bacterial infection called Helicobacter pylori.
Usually, Helicobacter pylori causes stomach ulcers and indigestion. It is easily treated. Most people with Helicobacter pylori infection do not get lymphoma, but almost all people who get gastric MALT lymphoma have Helicobacter pylori infection. Read more about the symptoms of Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma can develop at any age, but it mostly affects young adults in their early 20s and older adults over the age of Slightly more men than women are affected.
The exact cause of Hodgkin lymphoma is unknown. However, your risk of developing the condition is increased if:. You also have an increased risk of developing Hodgkin lymphoma if a first-degree relative parent, sibling or child has had the condition. Read more about the causes of Hodgkin lymphoma.
The only way to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin lymphoma is by carrying out a biopsy.
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