Thus, in addition to influencing antagonisms between former Yugoslavs, the breakup has significantly changed Balkan identities and citizenships with enduring effects. The breakup resulted in vast migrations of former Yugoslavs from their republic of origin to the post-Yugoslav republic with which they more strongly ethno-nationally identified or in which they felt safer.
Within the Balkans, accommodating refugees had significant socio-economic impacts. For instance, Serbian refugees have reported lengthy processes to obtain citizenship in the former Yugoslav country with which they ethno-nationally identified. Although the breakup of Yugoslavia has profoundly impacted the Balkans, its consequences throughout Europe are sometimes overlooked. For instance, the breakup resulted in migrations of former Yugoslavs to other European countries, including Germany, Hungary, Austria, and Sweden, among others Kamm , 1.
During the s, Germany, Switzerland, and Austria in particular became hubs for Balkan emigration and continued to be main destinations in the following years Bonifazi and Mamolo , In these countries, Balkan emigration was so prominent that former Yugoslavs made up As former Yugoslav refugees adapted to life in other countries, they incorporated new ways of life.
The interchange of customs also resulted in changes for the locals. Thus, not only has the breakup induced a reevaluation of identities within what was once Yugoslavia, but it has also spread such reconsiderations throughout Europe through the experiences of former Yugoslav immigrants and refugees.
The breakup of Yugoslavia has had an extensive impact on issues of sovereignty, nationalism, international law, borders, and disintegration. Because present borders in the Balkans do not necessarily reflect ethnic distributions, discussions arose about ethno-national boundaries and ethnic minorities.
The breakup also paved the way for the creation of ad hoc tribunals and alternative legal mechanisms at the international level. For example, the International Criminal Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, the first of its kind, only recently came to a close. The Tribunal significantly informed international law by setting precedents for future cases.
The ad hoc nature of the Tribunal and its international approach aimed to deter people from violating international laws, facilitate truth-telling, and set a precedent that the international community would not be a bystander to atrocities Akhavan , In addition to creating a historical record, the Tribunal has created international legal norms for dealing with atrocities and certainly set a precedent for the structure and creation of international legal mechanisms of accountability worldwide.
Of further legal concern is the creation or legalization of new state borders and declarations of independence. With growing unrest among ethnic minorities throughout Europe and elsewhere, the concept of Balkanization perseveres and may apply to future fragmentations.
This concept has induced reconsiderations of international notions of sovereignty, specifically concerning ethnic, linguistic, and related claims for or against sovereignty. Richmond , Most recently, the dispute over the status of Kosovo continues without resolution, bringing to the fore issues of international law, sovereignty, minority rights, and borders that will set a precedent for the international community.
Since the breakup of Yugoslavia and the entrance of Slovenia and Croatia into the European Union, the potential integration of other former Yugoslav countries has been a hot topic throughout the Balkans. Email Address [email protected]. Facebook-f Twitter Instagram Youtube Linkedin. Pledge Support. The Breakup of Yugoslavia. Share on facebook. Share on twitter. Share on linkedin. Share on whatsapp. The terrain was varied, with fertile plains in the north, limestone ranges in the east, mountains and hills predominantly in the southeast and a seaside, mainly in Croatia and Montenegro, but also in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Slovenia.
The languages were all South Slavic, so people from different areas could understand each other. Most of the population spoke Serbo-Croatian — over 12 million people.
The Constitution granted national minorities and ethnic groups the right to their own language. Around half a million people used Hungarian, mainly in the north, and Italian was spoken in parts of Croatia.
Serbo-Croatian was made up of three dialects: Shtokavian, Kajkavian and Chakavian. Two alphabets were used in Yugoslavia — the Latin alphabet and the Cyrillic script. After , it became the official currency of three Yugoslav states. It was subdivided into para. It circulated alongside the Serbian dinar until the s, one dinar being equal 4 kronen.
Each of the four republics then got their own currency Slovenian tolar, Croatian dinar, Macedonian denar and Bosnian dinar. After , during the severe hyperinflation, people started using foreign strong currency such as Deutschmarks, to mitigate the problem. The highest banknote then printed was billion dinars. However, it quickly became completely worthless. In , Montenegro decided that the Deutsche Mark would be an official currency alongside the Yugoslav dinar.
In , when Yugoslavia stopped existing and got replaced with Serbia and Montenegro, the Serbian dinar was the official currency. Today, Montenegro and Slovenia have Euro as their official currency. Croatia uses the Kuna, Bosnia and Herzegovina the Convertible Mark, while Macedonia and Serbia kept their previous currencies, the Macedonian denar and the Serbian dinar.
When the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes was first formed, there were still no laws regarding the national anthem. The decision was made that the anthems of the three Slavic nations would create the new, mutual anthem. It ended with some lines from the Serbian National anthem. All three anthems were made in the 19th century.
With the disappearance of the monarchy, the modified Serbo-Croatian-Slovenian anthem disappeared as well. He then altered the lyrics to include all Slavs and it became a widely known rallying song for Pan-Slavic sentiment. This officially became the national anthem only in However, it was already used as the de facto anthem for 43 years.
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